Notes 註釋
[1] British Library, time unknown. China Trade and the East India Company. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/china/guidesources/chinatrade/index.html
As the result of Anglo-China trade, the first Chinese sailors came to the UK, living in and around Limehouse, London, in late 1600s.
See: British Museum, 2008. Chinese Diaspora in Britain. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%20201008.pdf.
[2] Roberts, J. A. G., 2002. China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.
[3] Napoleonic Wars increased the employment of Chinese sailors to replace the British sailors who had been called up to the navy.
See: British Museum, 2008. Chinese Diaspora in Britain. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%20201008.pdf.
[4] British Museum, 2008. Chinese Diaspora in Britain. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%20201008.pdf.
[5] Anon., 1884. The Health Exhibition Literature, 1884. London: William Clowes & Sons, Limited.
[6] Anon. Construction Work Permit. London Metropolitan Archive.
[7] The 'British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act' of 1914 allowed people to apply for a certificate of naturalisation as long as certain criteria were met. This made it easier for foreign citizens to settle in the UK.
See: Office of Public Sector Information, 1914. British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1914/17/pdfs/ukpga_19140017_en.pdf.
[8] During World War One, more Chinese sailors were recruited to British ships as British sailors were recruited to the army. Chinese catering was slowly developing although was not dominant.
See: The Evolution and History of British Chinese Workforce, 2011. Catering. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[9] ZakKeith.com, 2010. The Chinese in Britain, History Timeline. http://www.zakkeith.com/articles,blogs,forums/chinese-in-britain-history-timeline.htm
[10] During World War Two, Chinese sailors working on British ships increased sharply, and some of them jumped ship and opened restaurants later.
See: The Evolution and History of British Chinese Workforce, 2011. Sailing, http://www.chineseworkforce.mingai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=86&Itemid=78;
The Evolution and History of British Chinese Workforce, 2011. Catering. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[11] BBC, 2011. World War Two Rationing in Britain. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A533918;
Cookit!, 2009.World War 2: food facts. http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/20-97-world-war-2-Food-facts.html ;
Mandy Barrow, 2010. Food Rationing. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/kit.html; and
Mandy Barrow, 2010. Rationing Timeline. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/rationing4.html
[12] Served with Brussels sprouts and brown gravy, this "Chinese Cake" was one of the published recipes named after wartime allies, and used little meat due to food shortages and rationing. See 2:160.
[13] Edwards, 2008. Making the Chinese sexy. The Telegraph http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3344800/Making-the-Chinese-sexy.html
Cf. The Restaurant Hall of Fame, time unknown. History of Chinese, Thai & Other Oriental Restaurants in Britain. However, according to our interviews in January 2010, some Chinese people believe that the first Chinese takeaway in the UK was Local Friends at Limehouse.
[14] The new law narrowed the categories under which Commonwealth citizens were allowed to enter Britain, i.e. it became harder to obtain citizenship, hence caused the first migrant wave from Hong Kong by the early 1960s.
[15] Rayner, J., 2002.The Sweet and Sour Revolution. The Observer, 10 November. http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/nov/10/foodanddrink.shopping6
[16] The Declaration stated that China would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1977.
See: Gov.cn, 2007. Full Text of Sino-British Joint Declaration. http://www.gov.cn/english/2007-06/14/content_649468.htm
[17] This marked the end of more than 150 years of British colonial rule in Hong Kong.
[1] British Library. China Trade and the Esat India Company. n.d. [2012-04-25]. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/si/chin/guidesources/chintrde/index.html
17 世紀晚期,英中貿易為英國帶來了第一批華人海員,他們居住在倫敦萊姆豪斯(蘭豪思)及其周邊地帶。參見註釋 5 。
[2] Roberts J. G. China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2002.
[3] 拿破崙戰爭使英國船隊雇用的華人海員人數增加,以填補英國海員被徵召到海軍後出現的空缺。參見註釋 5 。
[4] Anon. The Health Exhibition Literature, 1884. London: William Clowes & Sons Ltd., 1884.
[5] British Museum. Chinese Diaspora in Britain. 2008 [2012-04-25]. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%20201008.pdf
[6] Anon. Construction Work Permit. [document] London: London Metropolitan Archive, n.d.
[7] 1914 年的《英國國籍與外僑身份法案》"British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act") 允許外國人在達到一定條件的前提下可申請歸化證書。外國公民因而更易於在英國定居。參見:Office of Public Sector Information. British Nationality And Status of Aliens Act, 1914. 1914 [2012-04-25]. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1914/17/pdfs/ukpga_19140017_en.pdf
[8] 在第一次世界大戰期間,由於英國海員被徵召入伍,更多華人海員加入英國船隊;中餐業得以緩慢發展。參見:英國華人職業演變史. 餐飲業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[9] ZakKeith.com. The Chinese in Britain, History Timeline. 2010 [2012-04-25]. http://www.zakkeith.com/articles,blogs,forums/chinese-in-britain-history-timeline.htm
[10] 在第二次世界大戰期間,在英國船隊工作的華人海員急劇增加,其中一部分後來離船開設餐館。參見:英國華人職業演變史. 航海業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.mingai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=86&Itemid=78;餐飲業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[11] BBC. World War Two Rationing in Britain. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A533918;
Cookit!. World War 2: food facts. 2009 [2012-04-25]. http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/20-97-world-war-2-Food-facts.html;
Barrow M. Food Rationing. 2010 [2012-04-25]. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/kit.html;以及
Barrow M. Rationing Timeline. 2010 [2012-04-25]. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/rationing4.html
[12] 這種 "中國糕餅" 是以盟國命名的戰時發行食譜之一。由於食物短缺及配給制度,它只使用少量的肉,食用時配以球芽甘藍與肉汁。參見 2:160。
[13] Edwards, Making the Chinese sexy. The Telegraph, 2008-08-01 [2012-04-25]. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3344800/Making-the-Chinese-sexy.html.
參閱 The Restaurant Hall of Fame. History of Chinese, Thai & Other Oriental Restaurants in Britain. n.d. [2012-04-25]
不過,在我們進行的非正式訪談中,有華人認為英國第一家中餐外賣店是位於倫敦萊姆豪斯(蘭豪思)的 Local Friends, Mok. Discussion on British Chinese catering industry. [conversation] (Personal communication, January 2010).
[14] 新法令縮小了獲准進入英國的英聯邦國家公民的類別,也就是說,要獲得英國公民身份將比以前困難。在此影響下,1960 年代初期出現了第一次香港移民潮。
[15] Rayner J. The Sweet and Sour Revolution. The Observer, 2002-11-10 [2012-04-25]. http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/nov/10/foodanddrink.shopping6
[16] 根據該《聲明》內容,中國自 1997 年 7 月 1 日起對香港地區(包括香港島、九龍和新界)恢復行使主權。參見:新華網. 中英關於香港問題的聯合聲明. n.d. [2012-04-25]. http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-04/01/content_1396234.htm
[17] 此事件標誌著英國對香港一百五十多年的殖民統治結束。
[1] British Library. China Trade and the East India Company. n.d. [2012-04-25]. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/si/chin/guidesources/chintrde/index.html
17 世紀晚期,英中貿易為英國帶來了第一批華人海員,他們居住在倫敦萊姆豪斯(蘭豪思)及其周邊地帶。參見註釋5 。
[2] Roberts, J. A. G., 2002. China to Chinatown: Chinese Food in the West. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.
[3] 拿破崙戰爭使英國船隊雇用的華人海員人數增加,以填補英國海員被徵召到海軍後出現的空缺。參見註釋5 。
[4] Anon., 1884. The Health Exhibition Literature, 1884. London: William Clowes & Sons, Limited.
[5] British Museum, 2008. Chinese Diaspora in Britain. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Chinese%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%20201008.pdf
[6] Anon. Construction Work Permit. London Metropolitan Archive.
[7] 1914 年的《英國國籍與外僑身份法案》("British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act")允許外國人在達到一定條件的前提下可申請歸化證書。外國公民因而更易於在英國定居。參見:Office of Public Sector Information, 1914. British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1914/17/pdfs/ukpga_19140017_en.pdf
[8] 在第一次世界大戰期間,由於英國海員被徵召入伍,更多華人海員加入英國船隊;中餐業得以緩慢發展。參見:英國華人職業演變史. 餐飲業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[9] ZakKeith.com, 2010. The Chinese in Britain, History Timeline. http://www.zakkeith.com/articles,blogs,forums/chinese-in-britain-history-timeline.htm
[10] 在第二次世界大戰期間,在英國船隊工作的華人海員急劇增加,其中一部分後來離船開設餐館。參見:英國華人職業演變史. 航海業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.mingai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=86&Itemid=78;餐飲業. 2011 [2012-04-25]. http://www.chineseworkforce.ming-ai.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&;view=article&id=89&Itemid=79
[11] BBC, 2011.World War Two Rationing in Britain. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A533918;
Cookit! 2009.World War 2: food facts. http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/20-97-world-war-2-Food-facts.html;
Mandy Barrow, 2010. Food Rationing. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/kit.html and
Mandy Barrow, 2010. Rationing Timeline. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/rationing4.html
[12] 這種"中國糕餅" 是以盟國命名的戰時發行食譜之一。由於食物短缺及配給制度,它只使用少量的肉,食用時配以球芽甘藍與肉汁。參見2:160。
[13] Edwards, 2008. Making the Chinese sexy. The Telegraph http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3344800/Making-the-Chinese-sexy.html 參閱The Restaurant Hall of Fame, time unknown. History of Chinese, Thai & Other Oriental Restaurants in Britain. 不過,在我們進行的非正式訪談中,有華人認為英國第一家中餐外賣店是位於倫敦萊姆豪斯(蘭豪思)的Local Friends, Mok. Discussion on British Chinese catering industry. [conversation] (Personal communication, January 2010).
[14] 新法令縮小了獲准進入英國的英聯邦國家公民的類別,也就是說,要獲得英國公民身份將比以前困難。在此影響下,1960 年代初期出現了第一次香港移民潮。
[15] Rayner, J., 2002.The Sweet and Sour Revolution. The Observer, 10 Novemberhttp://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/nov/10/foodanddrink.shopping6
[16] 根據該《聲明》內容,中國自1997 年7 月1 日起對香港地區(包括香港島、九龍和新界)恢復行使主權。參見:新華網. 中英關於香港問題的聯合聲明. n.d. [2012-04-25]. http://www.gov.cn/english/2007-06/14/content_649468.htm
[17] 此事件標誌著英國對香港一百五十多年的殖民統治結束。